I got some potentially exciting news this week when I received a call for papers for the academic journal 'Museums and Social Issues'. Blog followers may remember I did my Masters dissertation on museums, non-formal education and social justice, focusing specifically on gender based violence. I approached this journal in the autumn asking if they were interested in my work, and they've come back this week saying they'd like me to submit it for an upcoming student research issue.
Now I have a little over a month to rework my dissertation into something half as long, and try to address the gaps that were pointed out when it was assessed in the process. My aim with this blog post is to summarise the entire document in about 1/10 for you. So here goes...
Support for social justice is growing worldwide, fuelled by greater recognition of human rights. Action against gender based
violence is a key part of this with increasing focus
everywhere from UN level summits to grassroots community projects. It is
being approached through the media, popular culture, law and policy
debates, and academic study across a range a disciplines. Museums have also started to raise awareness and advocate on the
issue through exhibitions and education programmes and, sometimes unwittingly, document and display related objects in their galleries.

Ideas about the museum as an “instrument for positive social change”
have formed part of their complex history since the 19th Century, but it was
the UK’s Labour Party government from 1997 that re-initiated the idea
of utilising museums for social policy. Museums tackle gender based violence, amongst other social isses, at a micro level through collaborative projects with learning
outcomes for individuals, and work for broad social change at the macro level using advocacy, events and exhibition programmes.
Museums are influenced by, and in turn contribute to, our collective
values and norms as a society. They are “sites of persuasion”, shaping norms and values at
local and global levels, though to date the majority haven’t fully realised their
potential to direct this. All museums are
already agents – some consciously work for justice whilst others unknowingly support the unjust phenomena.
It is the museum's role as provider of non-formal
education that lead to further research into learning in this
context and its economic and social benefits. Adressing any issue
through just formal education (e.g. schools) will only reach those currently enrolled –
using non-formal education environments can reach a wider age range, at
least, and perhaps deliver it in a more
engaging way. Exhibitions provide unique learning experiences with a meaningful impact as they are packed with stimuli - the message is the
experience as well as in the text and has a social element with
visitors exchanging information. As free-choice
environments, it suggests high internal motivation about when, what and where
to learn in museums - a motivation missing in formal education context.
So where does gender based violence come in? It became
defined as a human rights issue in the 1990s and gender inequality (including traditional gender roles and expectations), reinforced and maintained in institutions like museums, lies behind gender
based violence. The influence of the media can shape perceptions, beliefs, attitudes, and behaviours that
link power, sexuality, and violence against women – museums are part of this same phenomemnon.
My case studies are a variety of different museum programmes based around some kind of gender based violence. These include:
- Art Works For Change - "Off The Beaten Path: Violence, Women and Art" Exhibition and Programmes
- Gallery of Modern Art, Glasgow - "Rule of Thumb: Art and Human Rights" Exhibition and Programmes
- MoMA, New York - Sanja Ivekovic's retrospective "Sweet Violence"
- Against Violence and Abuse - "Pandora's Box" Exhibition
I compared the methods used in these different projects and came up with a number of best practice conclusions.
Engaging with social justice issues, especially gender based violence, in a museum requires flexibility, a great deal of
planning and a willingness to take some calculated risks. It needs to be embedded through an organisation’s
structure, mission, vision and strategic plan in order to be effective and the
scope of outcomes are reduced when the issues are restricted to just add-on
projects or temporary exhibitions with no connection drawn to the core purpose
of the institution.
Work on gender based violence and
other social justice issues most probably meets the criteria of statutory,
non-profit or grant making bodies thus enabling access to various pots of
potential funding. Free admission is a key feature of the social justice programmes
offered by GoMA and other museums and this needs funding from elsewhere.
Support from trained
professionals is needed to assist gallery staff, artists and educators when
working on potentially sensitive topics such as gender based violence. Support
from other organisation staff during outreach work is also needed to ensure
that artists and educators don’t become therapists. Time is needed to allow for
adequate training and preparation of staff members and also for debrief during
and after the programme.
Programmes need objectives from the outset and it is important to evaluate the qualitative impact of any social justice programme –
recording the numbers of visitors and participants is not enough. Evaluation is also important for understanding the communities around
the museum and informing any future advocacy work.
The design of exhibitions to
allow personalisation and ownership of information will increase engagement
with the subject. It is important to use the
interpretation offered to make it accessible to certain audiences, whilst not
being seen as ‘dumbed down’ to others. The advocacy function of content and
interpretation is greatest if it is politically explicit – leaving some areas
as open questions but reinforcing the view being advocated for throughout.
Content also needs to be changed and renewed regularly and in light of current
events to have the greatest impact with social justice issues. Relating gender based violence to permanent collections and leaving
it unchanged is not effective.

Space for reflection on the issues at
hand, especially for sensitive topics like gender based violence, is extremely
important. At GoMA, their ‘dwell space’ was used extensively for the
sharing of feelings, comments and reactions.
Elsewhere, the International Slavery Museum in Liverpool has introduced a
‘campaign zone’ to mobilize visitors around human rights causes. All areas of the museum can be utilised as part of the learning
experience – few currently make use of spaces such as the cafe and the toilets
for their learning objectives
. This goes beyond the
physical space too – a museum’s website often has a far greater audience than
the building itself so should be programmed like other spaces for social
justice programmes – Art Works for Change, for example, make their exhibitions
available as virtual walkthroughs online. Expanding the experience before and
after the visit, through marketing material and installations such as the
Barbara Kruger billboard in Glasgow Central Station for ‘Rule of Thumb’, adds
to the impact of a museum’s social justice programme. Taking the project beyond the walls of the museum is needed to
really engage with diverse communities
.
Working on social justice issues in the
context of museums is never going to be completely straight-forward. Previous projects have focused on
the issue of violence against women (and within that domestic violence) – perhaps as its more widespread in those locales or easily tackled without challenging a culture that sees women as victims. A future approach could approach violence
against men and transphobic violence in a more comprehensive programme on
gender based violence. These forms of violence all stem from the same complex
mix of ideas of power and social values. Programmes mostly taken place in art museums and galleries. The potential for
other types of institutions to explore the issue of gender based violence is
there, and encouragement is needed for such institutions to utilise experiences from engagement projects, such as with women in refuges, for wider public facing programmes.
I, personally, think it is important for all organisations considered museums, and indeed
all those providing with education, to actively pursue a social
justice agenda. If an institution is not actively working for social
justice, they are letting the socially unjust status quo stand unquestioned.
“Ignoring
violence against girls, or pretending it’s not there, is the same as accepting
it.”
- WAGGGS, Stop The Violence Video, 2011